(*********************************************************************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used on any computer system with Mathematica 3.0, MathReader 3.0, or any compatible application. The data for the notebook starts with the line of stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). NOTE: If you modify the data for this notebook not in a Mathematica- compatible application, you must delete the line below containing the word CacheID, otherwise Mathematica-compatible applications may try to use invalid cache data. For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 21716, 566]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 34592, 1038]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 34548, 1034]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["FRONT END, II", "Title", Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Types of cells", "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ "Text, input, and output all go in their own separate cells in a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebook. 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Input cells contain the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " commands you type; output cells contain the results. A group of cells, \ such as an Input/Output pair or a whole section, can be closed by \ double-clicking on the outer cell bracket which encloses that group; only \ the contents of the top cell will be displayed, and the cell bracket will \ display a solid triangle at the bottom.\n\nOther symbols in the bracket \ indicate if the cell is editable (a tiny \[Times] means it isn't), if \ output is displayed in a special form, whether the cell is active, etc." }], "Text", TextAlignment->Center], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Text cells", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "When you start typing a new cell, it is by default an input cell. To \ change it to a text cell, click in the cell bracket at right, then select ", StyleBox["Style", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", ", StyleBox["Text", FontSlant->"Italic"], " from the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu above. Or, using a keyboard shortcut, press \[CloverLeaf]7 (Unix: \ Alt-7 or \[FilledDiamond]-7). You can do this after the first few keystrokes \ of the new cell, then continue typing text afterwards." }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Input cells, evaluated or not?", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "When you download or open a notebook, NONE of the input cells are yet \ evaluated. There may be output attatched to each input cell, but they only \ reflect the results of an earlier session. In fact, until you explicitly \ evaluate a cell, the ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " kernel is not even engaged!" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "Input cells which have been evaluated ", StyleBox["during the current session", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], " are tagged with tiny Input labels. If you want to work with a definition \ or value defined in an input cell, you must evaluate that cell before typing \ new input using those results." }], "Text"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Cut / Copy / Paste with text and cells", "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ "The ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " front end (\"notebook interface\") supports the use of the usual \ cut/copy/paste functions on text, and extends it to work with entire cells." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Cut or Copy and Paste Text", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Highlight the portion of text you wish to cut; either click and drag over \ the text, or multiple-click on the word/sentence/paragraph you want. Press \ \[CloverLeaf]X (or Alt-X or \[FilledDiamond]X) to delete the highlighted \ text. Then insert the blinking cursor elsewhere, pointing and \ single-clicking where you want the cut text re-inserted. Press \ \[CloverLeaf]V (\[FilledDiamond]V) to paste.\n\nThe \"copy\" command, \ \[CloverLeaf]C (\[FilledDiamond]C) puts the highlighted text into a buffer \ like the cut command, but without deleting it from its current position.\n\n\ The cut/copy/paste commands can also be selected from the ", StyleBox["Edit", FontWeight->"Bold"], " pull-down menu, but the keyboard shortcuts are worth learning and using.\n\ \nPasting from one cell to a cell of a different kind may give unexpected \ results; for instance, you cannot paste into an \"output cell\"; ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " will automatically create a copy of the output cell with the pasted \ portion included, and makes it an input cell. Copying highly formatted \ output to another cell will give you a lot of formatting commands along with \ the text." }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Cut or Copy an entire cell", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "To move an entire cell (or group of cells) to another location, highlight \ the appropriate cell bracket, press \[CloverLeaf]X (\"cut\"), insert the \ blinking cursor in the new location, and press \[CloverLeaf]V.\n\nTo ", StyleBox["copy", FontSlant->"Italic"], " a cell to a new location, use \[CloverLeaf]C rather than \[CloverLeaf]X." }], "Text"] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Save Notebook", "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " version 3.0 is tough on a computer's memory. In addition to using as \ much of a computer's RAM as it can, it has some bugs of the type you expect \ with \"*.0\" versions, and will crash gracelessly when pushed too far. In \ the author's experience, you should save your notebook whenever you get a \ result you cannot afford to lose. One can always use the File pull-down menu \ and select \"Save\", but an easy shortcut is the keyboard combination \ \[CloverLeaf]S (on Unix computers, Alt-S or \[FilledDiamond]-S). Learning \ this keyboard shortcut well, and using it often, is an excellent idea. We \ all hope future versions of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " will be more robust.\n\nNote: If you download a ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebook via Netscape, it is only a temporary file in the", StyleBox["\n/tmp", FontFamily->"Courier"], " directory until you explicitly save it, using \"", StyleBox["Save As", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\", into your own directory. Be sure to give it an appropriate name (with \ suffix ", StyleBox[".nb", FontFamily->"Courier"], "). When you quit ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", the temporary notebook\n(", StyleBox["/tmp/MO328", FontFamily->"Courier"], "...", StyleBox[".nb", FontFamily->"Courier"], ") will disappear, regardless of whether you edited it." }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Other cell types; cell properties", "Section"], Cell["\<\ Use your mouse to select the Format menu, and inspect the \"Style\" \ submenu. By highlighting a cell bracket you can use this menu to change the \ cell type to anything you want: title, subtitle, section header, text, \ input, or output. Changing a cell to a different kind of header will alter \ the cell-grouping hierarchy automatically.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "You can also change the properties of a cell; for example you may want to \ make an input cell ", StyleBox["Not", FontSlant->"Italic"], " ", StyleBox["Editable", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", so that its contents cannot be accidentally changed. Click in the cell \ bracket to highlight it, then pull down the ", StyleBox["Cell", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu and look at the options under ", StyleBox["Cell Properties", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". " }], "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Palette entry", "Section"], Cell[TextData[{ "Non-ASCII characters can be entered using a palette. (This is a major new \ feature in 1997.) In the ", StyleBox["File", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu you can select any of 7 palettes from the ", StyleBox["Palettes", FontWeight->"Bold"], " submenu. This is an easy way to see what characters are available, and \ to enter not only individual characters but formatted combinations; \ exponents, subscripts, and other compound structures.\n\nOpen one of the \ palette windows, and play with it! Of particular interest is the \"", StyleBox["Basic Input", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\" palette, which includes some complicated structures in addition to \ simple symbols." }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"(", "\[NegativeThinSpace]", GridBox[{ {"1", "2"}, {"3", "4"} }], "\[NegativeThinSpace]", ")"}], ".", "\[NegativeThinSpace]", RowBox[{"(", "\[NegativeThinSpace]", GridBox[{ {"x"}, {"y"} }], "\[NegativeThinSpace]", ")"}]}], "\[Divide]", \(\@\(\[Alpha]\ \[Mu]\ C\_3\)\)}], " ", "+", " ", \(\[Integral]\_a\%b\( x\^3\) \[DifferentialD]x\)}], ";"}]], "Input"], Cell["\<\ When you press the palette button to get the summation symbol, for \ example, you get the summation symbol plus 4 placeholder boxes into which you \ can type the dummy variable, range, and summand. To jump from one box to the \ next, press the Tab key. Or, use the pointer to click on the box you wish \ to fill or edit.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[Sum]\+\(\[Placeholder] = \[Placeholder]\)\%\[Placeholder] \[Placeholder]\)], "Input", TextAlignment->Center] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Keyboard entry of non-ASCII characters", "Section"], Cell["\<\ There are keyboard equivalents for entering all the non-ASCII \ characters and formatting commands. For certain kinds of input -- simple \ Greek letters and any symbol you enter often -- it may be worth learning the \ keyboard equivalent. Otherwise, you can always use the palette. When you open a palette and point at a symbol, the keyboard entry codes for \ that symbol appears at the bottom of the palette window.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Greek letters", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[ "Greek letters are easy: press the Escape key, followed by the Roman \ equivalent letter, followed by another Escape. For instance, \[Pi] (Pi) is \ \[EscapeKey]p\[EscapeKey] (also denoted by \[AliasIndicator]p\ \[AliasIndicator]).\n\nIn the input cell type \[EscapeKey]b\[EscapeKey], \ \[EscapeKey]x\[EscapeKey], \[EscapeKey]S\[EscapeKey], and other \ combinations: "], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\[Pi]\ \ \[Mu]\ \ \[Rho]\ \ \[Sigma]\ \ \[Tau]\ \ \[Omega]\ \ \[Phi]\ \ \)\)], "Input", FontSize->18] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[TextData[ "\[EscapeKey] ? \[EscapeKey] vs. \"backslash form\""], "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Most special characters can be typed in with a keyboard shortcut which \ begins and ends with pressing the Escape key (\[EscapeKey]). They can also \ be typed in \"backslash form\" with macros similar to LaTeX macros.\n\nOpen \ the \"Complete Characters\" palette (under the ", StyleBox["File", FontWeight->"Bold"], " pull-down menu): open the ", StyleBox["Operators", FontWeight->"Bold"], " section and look at the first palette \"", StyleBox["General", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\". Point to any of the characters, and see the two codes which appear on \ the bottom panel of the palette window. For example, pointing to the \ integral sign, the two codes are\n\n", StyleBox["\t\t\t", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->16], StyleBox["\[EscapeKey]int\[EscapeKey]", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], StyleBox[" \t\t", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->16], StyleBox["and", FontSize->16], StyleBox["\t\t", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->16], StyleBox["\\[\[CapitalIota]ntegral]\n\n", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], "Try typing both keyboard sequences into the input cell below:" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(\[Integral]\ \ \ \ \)\)], "Input"], Cell["\<\ The first form tends to be quicker to type, the second form more \ thorough and predictable (if you know LaTeX). If you aren't facile with the \ keyboard then you probably don't want either: you can just use palette entry.\ \ \>", "Text"] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Typing superscripts, subscripts, etc.", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[ "There are palette structures to help you input subscripts and superscripts, \ but this can also be done straight from the keyboard using Control-key \ combinations. This means the Control key (\[ControlKey]) is held down while \ a second key is pressed."], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{" ", StyleBox[GridBox[{ { RowBox[{ StyleBox["structure", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], " "}], RowBox[{" ", StyleBox["keystrokes", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], " "}], RowBox[{" ", StyleBox["example", FontSize->16, FontWeight->"Bold"], " "}]}, {"superscript", \(\[ControlKey]^\), \(x\^\(4\ \) - y\^3\)}, {"subscript", "\[ControlKey]_", \(x\_4 - y\_3\)}, {"overscript", "\[ControlKey]7", \(x\&4 - y\&3\)}, {"underscript", \(\[ControlKey] = \), \(x\+4 - y\+3\)} }], FontWeight->"Plain"]}]], "Input", Editable->False, Evaluatable->False, TextAlignment->Center, FontFamily->"Times", Background->RGBColor[0, 1, 1]], Cell[TextData[{ "To pop out of any of these levels, type Control-Space combination (\ \[ControlKey]\[SpaceKey]). For example,\nto type the first example above (", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm\`x\^4 - y\^3\)]], "), the full keystroke sequence is\n\n", StyleBox[ "x\[ControlKey]^4\[ControlKey]\[SpaceKey]-y\[ControlKey]^3\[ControlKey]\ \[SpaceKey]", FontFamily->"Courier", FontSize->18, FontWeight->"Bold"] }], "Text", TextAlignment->Center] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Formulae in a text cell", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "It is possible to type a formula, like ", Cell[BoxData[ \(TraditionalForm \`x = \((\(-b\) \[PlusMinus] \@\(b\^2 - 4 ac\))\)/2\)]], ", in a text cell. Where the formula is supposed to begin, type the \ Control-key combination \[ControlKey]9, and then enter the input using \ keyboard and/or palette. To close the formula and return to plain text, type \ \[ControlKey]0. These two Control-key combinations are almost like typing \ parentheses, except that you hold down the Control key rather than the Shift \ key for each!" }], "Text"], Cell["\<\ Experiment with inserting a formula into the text of this cell...\ \ \>", "Text", FontSize->18] }, Closed]] }, Closed]] }, Open ]] }, FrontEndVersion->"X 3.0", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 1152}, {0, 900}}, WindowToolbars->{}, CellGrouping->Automatic, WindowSize->{658, 600}, WindowMargins->{{Automatic, 188}, {Automatic, 106}}, PrivateNotebookOptions->{"ColorPalette"->{RGBColor, 128}}, ShowCellLabel->True, ShowCellTags->False, RenderingOptions->{"ObjectDithering"->True, "RasterDithering"->False}, CharacterEncoding->"MacintoshAutomaticEncoding", Magnification->1, StyleDefinitions -> Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Style Definitions", "Subtitle"], Cell["\<\ Modify the definitions below to change the default appearance of \ all cells in a given style. 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