(*********************************************************************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used on any computer system with Mathematica 3.0, MathReader 3.0, or any compatible application. The data for the notebook starts with the line of stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). NOTE: If you modify the data for this notebook not in a Mathematica- compatible application, you must delete the line below containing the word CacheID, otherwise Mathematica-compatible applications may try to use invalid cache data. For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. ***********************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 17817, 528]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 32279, 1057]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 32147, 1049]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["FRONT END, III", "Title", Evaluatable->False, AspectRatioFixed->True], Cell["Notebooks are the way to go; make them work!", "Subtitle"], Cell["(this is a sub-subtitle)", "Subsubtitle", CellTags->"subtitle"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Help browser (online) and books", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ "In the upper right corner of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], "'s front-end window is a ", StyleBox["Help", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu. The 4th option in this menu is one that should be used often; ", StyleBox["Find in Help Browser", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], ". (There is also a keyboard shortcut for the browser; Alt-Shift-F.) \ It is possible to find, in the Help browser, all the same information in the \ main ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " reference books, but a form which is often quicker.\n\nNot only are all \ the browser arranged by topic, but they can also be accessed using the Master \ Index which has links to topics in the main book, online introduction, and \ Standard Packages book." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Notebooks; version 2.2 (*.ma) and version 3.0 (*.nb)", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ "Notebooks created with versions 2.* of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " were saved in a somewhat different form, to files named with the suffix ", StyleBox[".ma", FontWeight->"Bold"], ". (Auxiliary binary files named with the ", StyleBox[".mb", FontWeight->"Bold"], " suffix were not generally useful.) With the newer 3.* version of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", notebooks are saved as plain text files named with the ", StyleBox[".nb", FontWeight->"Bold"], " suffix.\n\nThe new notebook format has the advantages of text files (for \ example, they can be sent by email) and are the same for all kinds of \ computers; this notebook, for example, can be displayed/run by ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " 3.0 on Macs, PCs, and all Unix platforms.\n\n", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " 3.*, the new version, can read in and convert notebooks of the old 2.* \ style, and is able to save a notebook to a ", StyleBox[".ma", FontWeight->"Bold"], " file in old version 2.* style. However, in both cases, it is a good \ idea to look over the results and edit the converted file - using the \ appropriate version of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " - because some formatting oddities always seem to be introduced. Tabs, \ line breaks, italics and boldface all seem to crop up or disappear in some of \ the cells.\n\nIf students have access to only version 3.*, then it is enough \ to provide lessons/homework in the form of ", StyleBox["*.nb", FontWeight->"Bold"], " files. For the 1997-98 year, however, there will be some computers still \ running version 2 while most are now upgraded to version 3, so it may be a \ good idea to provide each notebook in each of the two forms. If the \ notebooks are provided as links on a web page, make clear which link will \ download which version of notebook." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Customizing a notebook; styles, formatting", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ "The default behavior of different types of cells - title, section, text, \ input, output - is set by choosing one of a couple dozen \"", StyleBox["Style Sheets", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\" from the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu. If none of the existing style sheets has quite the appearance you \ desire, then you can edit a style sheet for use with a particular notebook by \ choosing \"", StyleBox["Edit Style Sheet...", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\" from the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu. The style sheet for this notebook, for example, was edited to \ make all input cells yellow, and all output cells cyan and centered and \ framed." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\"This is input/output\"", "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \("This is input/output"\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ It is always possible to give an individual cell special formatting \ instructions; the specific formatting commands override the default values, \ and a saved notebook will contain all this information.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "This cell was specially formatted to have a red background, green text, \ and size 18 font, even though it is still a Text cell. All this was done by \ highlighting the cell bracket (to the right), and then making choices from \ the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu." }], "Text", FontSize->18, FontColor->RGBColor[0, 1, 0], Background->RGBColor[1, 0, 0], CellTags->"Red cell"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Presenting a notebook", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ "Among the style sheets (check under the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu) are \"", StyleBox["Classroom", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\", which may be superior for display in a classroom setting; \"", StyleBox["Report", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\", which is an very dry style with no colors (best for printing?); and \ \"", StyleBox["Textbook", FontWeight->"Bold"], "\", which is not quite as conservative as the Report style. Try each of \ these styles now, to see how they would render this notebook.\n\nFor display \ purposes it may help to use Magnification to increase visibility by making \ everything (text and graphics) larger than usual. ", StyleBox["Magnification", FontWeight->"Bold"], " is the last (bottom) option under the ", StyleBox["Format", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu, and the maximum magnification is 300%." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["\<\ Student homework\ \>", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ "If students are to submit work in the form of ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " notebooks, they must be taught what to include and what to cut. \ Normally there is a lot of repetitive work in an assignment (often cycles of \ mistake/edit/re-run), and there may also be huge output cells of data \ produced along the way. Experience shows that students must be told very \ explicitly what kinds of material to include and not to include in the stuff \ they hand in. In particular they should be given rules about how much of the \ intermediate work to save, along with final answers, to the notebook they \ submit.\n\nExtra care in making these things clear to students will save much \ time later on, both in grading and in not having to answer repeated questions \ about \"how much is wanted\".\n\nAnother lesson from experience is to inform \ students of the most reliable practices for using fussy software like ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], ":\n\t* shut down all other programs first (", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " is a memory hog)\n\t* save work to hard disk ", StyleBox["every few minutes", FontWeight->"Bold"], " (", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " crashes after your\n\t\tmost complicated command, and all unsaved work is \ lost forever)\n\t* save to hard disk (Workspace folder, on Macs) at \ intervals, not to floppy disk\n\t* save to hard disk before printing, or \ trying to run another program\n\t* copy notebook from hard disk to personal \ floppy disk before leaving, and\n\t\tdon't forget to delete your work from \ hard disk (foil thieves!),\n\t\tremembering to ", StyleBox["empty", FontSlant->"Italic"], " the trash\n" }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Buttons, palettes, hyperlinks", "Section", FontWeight->"Bold"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " 3.0 allows for active elements; buttons, palettes (a whole window of \ buttons), and hyperlinks (like those in Netscape), which provide \ opportunities to make a notebook more informative and easier to use." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Making a button", "Subsection", CellTags->"BUTTONS"], Cell[TextData[{ "A ", StyleBox["ButtonBox", FontWeight->"Bold"], " object performs an action when clicked. To make an active button, make \ a ", StyleBox["DisplayForm", FontWeight->"Bold"], " of the ", StyleBox["ButtonBox", FontWeight->"Bold"], " object like this (the contents of the button in quotes):" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "DisplayForm[ ButtonBox[\"Date[]\",", ButtonBox[" ", ButtonStyle->None], "Active->True] ]" }], "Input"], Cell["\<\ When an active button has been created, pressing it will \"paste\" \ the contents of the button to wherever the cursor happens to be. Try \ inserting the cursor somewhere in this sentence (or highlight some text) and \ press the button...\ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ "One can take this further in a couple of ways. First, it is possible to \ make the button not only paste its contents when pressed, but to have those \ contents evaluated immediately, by adding yet another option; ", StyleBox["ButtonStyle->\"Evaluate\"", FontWeight->"Bold"], "." }], "Text"], Cell["\<\ DisplayForm[ ButtonBox[\"Date[]\", Active->True, \t\t\t\t\tButtonStyle->\"Evaluate\"] ]\ \>", "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "\nFinally, for a button which performs a command on one parameter, one can \ use a placeholder symbol \[SelectionPlaceholder] (", StyleBox["\[EscapeKey]spl\[EscapeKey]", FontFamily->"Courier"], ") in the button's contents, so that the button pastes the command \ \"around\" the highlighted text. The placeholder is used in the usual way: \ highlight an expression first and then push the button, so that the \ highlighted text takes the place of the \[SelectionPlaceholder]. For \ an example, first create this button:" }], "Text"], Cell[TextData[ "DisplayForm[ ButtonBox[\"Expand[\[SelectionPlaceholder]]\", Active->True,\n\ \t\t\t\t\tButtonStyle->\"Evaluate\"] ]"], "Input"], Cell["\<\ Now in the following (input) cell, highlight one of the \ expressions, then press the button above.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \({\ \ \ \ \ \((x - 3 y)\)^2\ \ \ \ , \ \ \((2 a + 5 b)\)^2\ \ \ \ \ , \ \ \ \((x + y)\)^2 + \((x - y)\)^2\ \ \ \ \ }\)], "Input"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Making a palette", "Subsection", Editable->False], Cell["\<\ A palette is an array of buttons. It is created inside a cell, \ but can then be used to produce a separate window for ease of use with the \ rest of the notebook. Here is a sample palette:\ \>", "Text", Editable->False], Cell[BoxData[GridBox[{ { ButtonBox["\[Pi]"], ButtonBox[\(N[Pi, 40]\)]}, { ButtonBox[\(\ \ \ Sqrt[\[SelectionPlaceholder]]\ \ \ \)], ButtonBox[\(\ \ \ lhs\ == \ rhs\ \ \ \)]} }, RowSpacings->0, ColumnSpacings->0, GridDefaultElement:>ButtonBox[ "\\[Placeholder]"]]], "Input", Editable->False, Active->True, TextAlignment->Center], Cell["(Try using the sample palette in the input cell below.)", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[""], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "\n\nHere's how to make a palette.\n\t* Insert cursor into the input cell \ where you want the palette to appear\n\t* from the ", StyleBox["Input", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu above, select \"", StyleBox["Create Table/Matrix/Palette", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\"\n\t* of the three radio boxes at the top, choose \"Palette\" (in your \ free time\n\t\tyou might want to play with matrices and tables also!)\n\t* \ indicate the number of rows and columns you need in your palette\n\t* \ \"unselect\" all the other choices (those are to play with some other \ time...)\n\t* press OK\n\t\nThen, do the following for each button:\n\t* \ click once inside the square spaceholder symbol\n\t* enter the text for that \ button" }], "Text", Editable->False], Cell[BoxData[""], "Input"], Cell[TextData[{ "When you are finished defining each button, you should make the palette \ active;\n\t* click in the cell bracket at right, so it is highlighted\n\t* \ under the ", StyleBox["Cell", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu above, select \"", StyleBox["Cell Properties", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\" and make the cell Active\nWhile you're at it, you might also want to \ format the cell to center-align it, and maybe give it another background \ color. Finally, to protect the results you might want to change another cell \ property, making it ", StyleBox["not", FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic"], " Editable." }], "Text", Editable->False], Cell[TextData[{ "Finally, you can make a separate window of the palette, by highlighting \ the cell bracket and then, under the ", StyleBox["File", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu, selecting \"", StyleBox["Generate Palette from Selection", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\"." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Making a hyperlink", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "To make a hyperlink, which allows the reader to jump directly to another \ part of the notebook (or to a different notebook entirely!), two things must \ be done.\n\t(1) the \"target\" cell must be given a ", StyleBox["tag", FontSlant->"Italic"], ", a name it can be called by\n\t(2) a portion of text, which will become \ the \"clickable link\", must be highlighted." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Make cell tag", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Insert the cursor in the target cell, then choose \"", StyleBox["Add/Remove Cell Tags", FontSlant->"Italic"], "\" from the ", StyleBox["Find", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu. Give that cell a unique (for this notebook) tag." }], "Text"] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Make Hyperlink", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Highlight the portion of text which you would like to become a hyperlink. \ When the link text has been highlighted, choose \"", StyleBox["Create Hyperlink", FontSlant->"Italic"], "...\" from the ", StyleBox["Input", FontWeight->"Bold"], " menu. For instance, 3 cells in this notebook have already been given \ tags (\"subtitle\", \"Red cell\", and \"BUTTONS\"); if you click on ", ButtonBox["these words", ButtonData:>"subtitle", ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], ", you are taken to the cell with the \"subtitle\" tag.\n\nCreate a \ hyperlink to that cell out of the following text:\n\n\t\t\t\tCLICK HERE\n\t\t\ \t\t\n\t\t\t\t", ButtonBox["CLICK HERE", ButtonData:>"Red cell", ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], " to go to the red cell.\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t", ButtonBox["CLICK HERE", ButtonData:>"BUTTONS", ButtonStyle->"Hyperlink"], " to go to the \"Making Buttons\" cell." }], "Text"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Uses of buttons and hyperlinks", "Subsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "We have yet to see how these \"active elements\" in notebooks can be used \ to good effect, but several possible uses can be imagined.\n\n\t* a \ hyperlinked index at the top of a notebook for easy navigation\n\t* a \ hyperlink from the statement of a problem to the section where the student\n\t\ \tis supposed to display her work and solution\n\t* a button for a \ complicated ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " command, to help the student save time\n\t\tin typing and in \ understanding the details of syntax\n\t* a palette of such buttons saved as a \ separate auxiliary notebook, one for each\n\t\tassignment with buttons \ relevant to that assignment's notebook\n\t\t\nAs notebooks are developed \ which make use of these features, they will be linked to the web page \ http://amath.colorado.edu/appm/other/Mma3/examples." }], "Text"] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, Open ]] }, FrontEndVersion->"X 3.0", ScreenRectangle->{{0, 1152}, {0, 900}}, WindowToolbars->{}, CellGrouping->Automatic, WindowSize->{658, 600}, WindowMargins->{{178, Automatic}, {Automatic, 102}}, PrivateNotebookOptions->{"ColorPalette"->{RGBColor, 128}}, ShowCellLabel->True, ShowCellTags->False, RenderingOptions->{"ObjectDithering"->True, "RasterDithering"->False}, CharacterEncoding->"MacintoshAutomaticEncoding", Magnification->1, StyleDefinitions -> Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Style Definitions", "Subtitle"], Cell["\<\ Modify the definitions below to change the default appearance of \ all cells in a given style. Make modifications to any definition using commands in the Format menu.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Style Environment Names", "Section"], Cell[StyleData[All, "Working"], CellBracketOptions->{"Color"->RGBColor[0.771908, 0.399634, 0.262867]}, ScriptMinSize->9], Cell[StyleData[All, "Printout"], PageWidth->PaperWidth, PrivateFontOptions->{"FontType"->"Outline"}], Cell[StyleData[All, "ColorPrintout"], PageWidth->PaperWidth, PrivateFontOptions->{"FontType"->"Outline"}] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Notebook Options", "Section"], Cell["\<\ The options defined for the style below will be used at the \ Notebook level.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[StyleData["Notebook"], PageHeaders->{{Cell[ TextData[ { CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"], None, Cell[ TextData[ { ValueBox[ "FileName"]}], "Header"]}, {Cell[ TextData[ { ValueBox[ "FileName"]}], "Header"], None, Cell[ TextData[ { CounterBox[ "Page"]}], "PageNumber"]}}, StyleMenuListing->None] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ 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CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, CounterIncrements->"Subtitle", CounterAssignments->{{"Section", 0}, {"Equation", 0}, {"Figure", 0}, { "Subsubtitle", 0}}, FontSize->24, FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[0, 1, 1]], Cell[StyleData["Subtitle", "Printout"], CellMargins->{{15, 20}, {5, 5}}, CellFrameMargins->8, CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[0, 1, 1]], Cell[StyleData["Subtitle", "ColorPrintout"], CellMargins->{{15, 20}, {5, 5}}, CellFrameMargins->8, CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[0, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[0, 1, 1]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[StyleData["Subsubtitle"], CellMargins->{{15, 20}, {5, 5}}, CellGroupingRules->{"TitleGrouping", 20}, PageBreakBelow->False, CellFrameMargins->8, CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, CounterIncrements->"Subsubtitle", CounterAssignments->{{"Section", 0}, {"Equation", 0}, {"Figure", 0}}, FontFamily->"Helvetica", FontSize->18, FontWeight->"Bold", FontSlant->"Italic", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[1, 1, 0]], Cell[StyleData["Subsubtitle", "Printout"], CellMargins->{{15, 20}, {5, 5}}, CellFrameMargins->8, CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, FontSize->18, FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[1, 1, 0]], Cell[StyleData["Subsubtitle", "ColorPrintout"], CellMargins->{{15, 20}, {5, 5}}, CellFrameMargins->8, CellFrameLabelMargins->6, TextAlignment->Center, LineIndent->1, IndentMaxFraction->0.5, FontSize->18, FontWeight->"Bold", FontColor->RGBColor[1, 0, 1], Background->RGBColor[1, 1, 0]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ 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