Here are a few worksheets on the foundations of Matlab. The worksheets are given in order of difficulty so I recommend you to work them through in the same order as given below. Many of the exercises and examples in the worksheets apply Matlab commands to problems related to ordinary differential equations. It is my experience that one of the best ways to learn a programming language is to illustrate the language by solving simple ODE-problems.
Introduction to Matlab 1. This worksheet covers how to run Matlab, the elementary functions, variables, vectors, matrices and how to plot in Matlab.
Introduction to linear algebra in Matlab. This worksheet explains the fundamental operations on matrices, how to find eigenvalues, matrix factorization (including the SVD-decomposition) and how to solve linear systems.
Introduction to programming in Matlab 2. This worksheets explains how to define and use your own functions. It finally gives some advice on how to organize larger programming tasks.
Introduction to image processing in Matlab. An introductory tutorial on image processing in Matlab. Contains material on conversion between different image formats and some common methods for displaying images.